Jean-Marie Le Pen's exclusion from the National Front or the management of "slingers" inside of the Socialist Party provoked debates and political disputes. These illustrative cases recall the centrality of partisan indiscipline as a hot topic. They suggest that political parties are not only organizations to which we adhere, but also institutions

Public policies are permanently targeting, producing and categorizing "publics ". It seems an obvious and well-known fact. However, these operations are rarely considered as central issues for policy analysis. Based on original empirical researches, gathering several policy sectors (immigration, public health, public participation, open data,...