Georges Lyon, the regional Chief Education Officer, facing the German invasion, decided in 1914 to remain committed to supporting school and university structures belonging to the occupied part of the Lille region in order to keep them alive. During the War, he wrote his Memoirs which can be considered as a precious testimony to better understand..

The unpublished study of one of the most controversial servants of the Republic.

Letras Pátrias – the patriotic letters. This is how Brazilian writers qualified a literature that was given the mission of founding the Brazilian identity in the decades following the independence, proclaimed in 1822.

A key word for the labour movement and a key concept for many socialist theorists, the association crystallised in 19th century Europe the aspirations for a fairer and more egalitarian reorganisation of work.

High school principals in the 19th century (1802-1914): managing a school, serving the State, and training youth.