In primary schools, at the end of the 19th century, girls have lower results than boys on mathematics. Are they deprived of « having a gift » for maths, or are there other reasons to that situation ? New programs have been published since 1881. Mathematics teaching is meant to be « useful », it also aims to develop reflection.

The commitment of Roman Catholic women to the ecclesial institution led during the XXth century to an upheaval within conventional representations of feminine roles in the Church.

To defend its territory and constitute its army, the French Republic engaged into deep military reforms after French-Prussian war. Numerous military buildings were then built or modernized.

Protestantism is generally considered external to Lorraine. However, the geopolitical diversity of the Lorraine area in Early Modern Era, then its tragic partition, make this territory a place of contrasted diffusion of Protestant reforms, in their diversity.

The significant changes that labor is experiencing in recent years have encouraged historical studies on the precariousness and flexibility of work. Far from being a prerogative of current societies, the mobility of workers has also characterized the working world of the Ancien Régime.